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Um determinado trabalhador ajuizou uma reclamação trabalhista e, na data designada, faltou injustificadamente à audiência. Seu advogado requereu o desentranhamento dos documentos, no que foi atendido. Dois meses depois, apresentou a mesma reclamação, mas posteriormente resolve desistir dela em mesa de audiência, o que foi homologado pelo magistrado, sendo extinto o processo sem resolução do mérito. 

Caso queira ajuizar uma nova ação, o trabalhador

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Após trabalhar como empregado durante 6 meses, Paulo ajuizou reclamação trabalhista em face de sua ex- empregadora, a empresa Alfa Beta Ltda., pretendendo horas extras, nulidade do pedido de demissão por coação, além de adicional de insalubridade. Na primeira audiência o feito foi contestado, negando a ré o trabalho extraordinário, a coação e a atividade insalubre. Foram juntados controles de ponto e carta de próprio punho de Paulo pedindo demissão, documentos estes que foram impugnados pelo autor. Não foi produzida a prova técnica (perícia). Para a audiência de prosseguimento, as partes estavam intimadas pessoalmente para depoimentos pessoais, sob pena de confissão, mas não compareceram, estando presentes apenas os advogados. Declarando as partes que não têm outras provas a produzir, o Juiz encerrou a fase de instrução, seguindo o processo concluso para sentença. 

Com base nestas considerações, analise a distribuição do ônus da prova e assinale a afirmativa correta.

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Ícaro, piloto de avião, foi empregado da empresa VoeAlto Linhas Aéreas S/A de 12 de maio de 2010 a 20 de abril de 2012. Ao ser dispensado, deixou de receber parte de seus haveres trabalhistas da extinção, razão pela qual ajuizou reclamação trabalhista. A audiência foi designada para 10/10/2013. Porém, nessa data Ícaro estaria fora do país, já que necessitado de emprego e com a escassez do mercado nacional, empregou-se como piloto na China, onde reside, e não faz voos para o Brasil. Você é o advogado de Ícaro que, naturalmente, tem pressa em receber seus direitos sonegados. 


Assinale a alternativa que indica a medida legal a ser adotada para o mais rápido desenrolar do process

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Tendo em vista a proximidade de realização de grande evento na área de esportes, a cidade de Tribobó do Oeste decidiu reformar seu estádio de futebol. Para tanto, após licitação, contratou a empresa Alfa Ltda. para executar a reforma no prazo de um ano. Faltando dois meses para a conclusão da obra e a realização do mega evento, os operários entraram em greve paralisando os trabalhos integralmente. 

Diante destes fatos, assinale a afirmativa que se coaduna com a legitimidade ativa para instauração do dissídio coletivo.

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No acordo coletivo em vigor firmado pela empresa Pluma Comércio de Óculos Ltda. existe uma cláusula na qual os seus empregados podem adquirir as mercadorias lá produzidas a preço de custo. Emerson, empregado desta firma, pretendia comprar um par de óculos, mas o empregador exigiu que ele pagasse também o valor da margem mínima de lucro do comércio local. 

Diante do ocorrido, assinale a alternativa que contempla a ação que, de acordo com a CLT, deverá ser ajuizada por Emerson para fazer prevalecer o seu direito.

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QUESTÃO ANULADA

 

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following item.

 

Extremely cold temperatures in Texas created problems for the distribution of energy in the state.

  A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following items.

In the last paragraph of the text, “That” refers to the decision by Texas to isolate its energy grid from the rest of the country.

  A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following items.

Despite the cold temperatures, energy production in Texas continued unimpeded.

 A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following item.

Changes in energy production in Texas are having an impact across the United States.

  A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following item.

There are other states, like Florida, that produce energy on a level similar to that of Texas.

 A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following item.

 

There are places in the world where wind power works well in freezing temperatures.

 A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following item. 

In “Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate”, it is possible to substitute “Yet” for Even so without changing the meaning of the sentence.

 A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

About ideas stated in the text above and the words used in it, judge the following item.

 

The text points to the lack of wind as the primary cause for a dip in the production of wind energy during the period described.

  A deep freeze this week in the Lone Star state, which relies on electricity to heat many homes, is causing power demand to skyrocket. At the same time, natural gas, coal, wind and nuclear facilities in Texas have been knocked offline by the unthinkably low temperatures.

    “The extreme cold is causing the entire system to freeze up,” said Jason Bordoff, director of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. “All sources of energy are underperforming in the extreme cold because they’re not designed to handle these unusual conditions.”

     The ripple effects are being felt around the nation as Texas’ prolific oil-and-gas industry stumbles.

     It’s striking that these power outages are happening in a state with abundant energy resources. Texas produces more electricity than any other US state — generating almost twice as much as Florida, the next-closest, according to federal statistics.

     Wind power is also booming in Texas, which produced about 28% of all the US wind-powered electricity in 2019, the EIA said. But the problem is that not only is Texas an energy superpower, it tends to be an above-average temperature state. That means its infrastructure is ill-prepared for the cold spell currently wreaking havoc. And the consequences are being felt by millions.

     Critics of renewable energy have pointed out that wind turbines have frozen or needed to be shut down due to the extreme weather.

     Even though other places with colder weather (like Iowa and Denmark) rely on wind for even larger shares of power, experts said the turbines in Texas were not winterized for the unexpected freeze.

     But this is not just about wind turbines going down. Natural gas and coal-fired power plants need water to stay online. Yet those water facilities froze in the cold temperatures and others lost access to the electricity they require to operate.

     It’s too early to definitively say what went wrong in Texas and how to prevent similar outages. More information will need to be released by state authorities. Still, some experts say the criticism of wind power appears overdone already. “In terms of the blame game, the focus on wind is a red herring. It’s more of a political issue than what is causing the power problems on the grid,” said Dan Cohan, associate professor of environmental engineering at Rice University.

     The energy crisis in Texas raises also questions about the nature of the state’s deregulated and decentralized electric grid. Unlike other states, Texas has made a conscious decision to isolate its grid from the rest of the country.

     That means that when things are running smoothly, Texas can’t export excess power to neighboring states. And in the current crisis, it can’t import power either.

 

Internet: <www.cnn.com>  (adapted).

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Com relação às ideias e aos aspectos linguísticos do texto 1A18-I precedente, julgue o item a seguir.

 

A transferência da polícia do sistema de justiça para o governo da cidade marca o que pode ser considerado uma mudança de paradigma no que se refere ao papel da polícia na sociedade.

Texto 1A18-I

 

    Nos Estados Unidos da América, no século XIX, a passagem da polícia do sistema de justiça para o de governo da cidade significou também a passagem da noção de caça aos criminosos para a prevenção dos crimes, em um deslocamento do ato para o ator. Como na Europa, a ênfase na prevenção teria representado nova atitude diante do controle social, com o desenvolvimento pela polícia de uma habilidade específica, a de explicar e prevenir o comportamento criminoso. Isso acabou redundando no foco nas “classes perigosas”, ou seja, em setores específicos da sociedade vistos como produtores de comportamento criminoso. Nesse processo, desenvolveram-se os vários campos de saber vinculados aos sistemas de justiça criminal, polícia e prisão, voltados para a identificação, para a explicação e para a prevenção do comportamento criminoso, agora visto como “desviante”, como a medicina legal, a psiquiatria e, especialmente, a criminologia.

     Na Europa ocidental, as novas instituições estatais de vigilância deveriam controlar o exercício da força em sociedades em que os níveis de violência física nas relações interpessoais e do Estado com a sociedade estavam em declínio. De acordo com a difundida teoria do processo civilizador, de Norbert Elias, no Ocidente moderno, a agressividade, assim como outras emoções e prazeres, foi domada, “refinada” e “civilizada”. O autor estabelece um contraste entre a violência “franca e desinibida” do período medieval, que não excluía ninguém da vida social e era socialmente permitida e até certo ponto necessária, e o autocontrole e a moderação das emoções que acabaram por se impor na modernidade. A conversão do controle que se exercia por terceiros no autocontrole é relacionada à organização e à estabilização de Estados modernos, nos quais a monopolização da força física em órgãos centrais permitiu a criação de espaços pacificados. Em tais espaços, os indivíduos passaram a ser submetidos a regras e leis mais rigorosas, mas ficaram mais protegidos da irrupção da violência na sua vida, na medida em que as ameaças físicas tornaram-se despersonalizadas e monopolizadas por especialistas.

 

C. Mauch. Considerações sobre a história da polícia. In: MÉTIS: história & cultura, v. 6, n.º 11, jan./jun. 2007, p. 107-19 (com adaptações).  

 

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Com relação às ideias e aos aspectos linguísticos do texto 1A18-I precedente, julgue o item a seguir.

Seriam mantidos a correção gramatical e os sentidos do texto caso o segundo período do primeiro parágrafo fosse reescrito da seguinte maneira: Porque nos países europeus houve empenho em prevenir crimes, o que representou nova atitude de controle social, o resultado foi o desenvolvimento de uma habilidade específica pelas autoridades policiais: a de explicar e prevenir o crime.

Texto 1A18-I

 

    Nos Estados Unidos da América, no século XIX, a passagem da polícia do sistema de justiça para o de governo da cidade significou também a passagem da noção de caça aos criminosos para a prevenção dos crimes, em um deslocamento do ato para o ator. Como na Europa, a ênfase na prevenção teria representado nova atitude diante do controle social, com o desenvolvimento pela polícia de uma habilidade específica, a de explicar e prevenir o comportamento criminoso. Isso acabou redundando no foco nas “classes perigosas”, ou seja, em setores específicos da sociedade vistos como produtores de comportamento criminoso. Nesse processo, desenvolveram-se os vários campos de saber vinculados aos sistemas de justiça criminal, polícia e prisão, voltados para a identificação, para a explicação e para a prevenção do comportamento criminoso, agora visto como “desviante”, como a medicina legal, a psiquiatria e, especialmente, a criminologia.

     Na Europa ocidental, as novas instituições estatais de vigilância deveriam controlar o exercício da força em sociedades em que os níveis de violência física nas relações interpessoais e do Estado com a sociedade estavam em declínio. De acordo com a difundida teoria do processo civilizador, de Norbert Elias, no Ocidente moderno, a agressividade, assim como outras emoções e prazeres, foi domada, “refinada” e “civilizada”. O autor estabelece um contraste entre a violência “franca e desinibida” do período medieval, que não excluía ninguém da vida social e era socialmente permitida e até certo ponto necessária, e o autocontrole e a moderação das emoções que acabaram por se impor na modernidade. A conversão do controle que se exercia por terceiros no autocontrole é relacionada à organização e à estabilização de Estados modernos, nos quais a monopolização da força física em órgãos centrais permitiu a criação de espaços pacificados. Em tais espaços, os indivíduos passaram a ser submetidos a regras e leis mais rigorosas, mas ficaram mais protegidos da irrupção da violência na sua vida, na medida em que as ameaças físicas tornaram-se despersonalizadas e monopolizadas por especialistas.

 

C. Mauch. Considerações sobre a história da polícia. In: MÉTIS: história & cultura, v. 6, n.º 11, jan./jun. 2007, p. 107-19 (com adaptações).  

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.